Election Advisory No. 2024-06

To:	All Election Officials
From:	Christina Worrell Adkins, Director of Elections
Date:	February 16, 2024
RE:	Certain Activities in Vicinity of Polling Places

As you prepare for the March 5, 2024 election, we wish to advise you of state law on several early voting and election day polling place issues.

All statutory references in this advisory are to the Texas Election Code (“the Code”), unless otherwise indicated.

Use of Firearms by Law Enforcement

Please note that Section 46.03(a) of the Texas Penal Code generally prohibits a person from bringing a firearm onto the premises of a polling place. However, this prohibition does not apply to a peace officer, regardless of whether the police officer is on or off duty. For this and other potentially applicable exceptions, see Tex. Pen. Code § 46.15. The legislation allowing open carry of handguns does NOT change the law as it pertains to guns in the polling place; thus no one except licensed peace officers may carry handguns into the polling place.

Although there is no requirement that you place any sort of signage in the polling place in order to inform voters of the unchanged restrictions regarding handguns in the polling place, if you wish to provide a notice to that effect, you may post Form 7-40, Notice of Prohibition of Handguns in the Polling Place (PDF). Alternatively, if you wish to submit your own proposed notice to our office for approval, you may do so by emailing the form to us at elections@sos.texas.gov. Any such notice must be in English and Spanish, as well as any other languages required in your political subdivision.

For more information regarding OAG opinion KP-0212 (PDF) and the situations upon which a presiding judge may carry a handgun in the polling place, please see Advisory 2018-29.

Electioneering

Each early voting and election day polling place must be organized with 100-foot distance markers posted at surrounding outside entrances to the building. During the voting period and inside this protected area, it is prohibited to electioneer, including expressing preference for or against any candidate, measure, political party, or to the conduct of an election. Tex. Elec. Code §§ 61.003, 85.036.

Please note that the early voting clerk and the presiding judge of each polling place, as appropriate, have the authority of a district judge while serving in that capacity. This authority enables the early voting clerk or the presiding judge, as appropriate, to use his or her discretion to ensure the safety and efficiency of the early voting and election day polling place and the surrounding 100-foot area. Tex. Elec. Code §§ 32.075, 81.002.

While an election judge or early voting clerk has the authority to ensure that electioneering is not occurring within the distance set by the 100-foot marker, Section 32.075(e) of the Code specifically states that a presiding judge may not enforce electioneering provisions outside of the 100-foot distance markers. The same prohibition applies to an early voting clerk, per Section 81.002 of the Code.

An election judge, an election clerk, a state or federal election inspector, a certified peace officer, or a special peace officer appointed for the polling place by the presiding judge shall wear while on duty a tag or official badge that indicates their name and title or position. Tex. Elec. Code § 61.010(b). A poll watcher must also wear a badge indicating the person is a poll watcher; the badge will be issued to the poll watcher by the election judge.

A violation of Section 61.003, 61.010(a), or 85.036 of the Election Code is a Class C misdemeanor. Tex. Elec. Code §§ 61.003, 61.010(a), 85.036.

Sound Amplification Devices

It is also prohibited to use a sound amplification device to electioneer within 1,000 feet of the early voting or election day polling place; per Section 61.004 of the Code, a violation of this provision is a Class C misdemeanor. The same prohibition applies to an early voting clerk, per Section 81.002, Election Code. Although the enforcement authority is limited to the 100-foot area, the election judge or early voting clerk may address a violation of this law if the sound is heard within the 100-foot area. As a practical matter, the focus of the election judge and early voting clerk will be on the polling area and surrounding 100-foot area. As such, and as a best practice, the judge may contact law enforcement to enforce the sound amplification device rule.

If you or your presiding judges have questions as to what constitutes electioneering, encourage them to contact either your office or our office directly with specific questions.

Regulating Electioneering Outside 100-Foot Marker

An entity that owns or controls a public building being used as a polling place may not prohibit electioneering outside of the 100-foot distance marker. However, the entity may enact reasonable regulations in regards to the time, place, and manner of electioneering. Tex. Elec. Code § 61.003(a-1).

Only a court of law can determine what is reasonable in terms of time, place, and manner. However, an example of a reasonable regulation may include prohibiting electioneering on sidewalks or driveways to keep them clear for pedestrians and traffic.

Finally, we recommend that all regulations be content neutral. If you have questions, we suggest that you contact your attorney.

Curbside Voting and Electioneering

If a voter is physically unable to enter the polling place without personal assistance or likelihood of injuring the voter’s health, an election officer shall deliver a ballot or voting machine to the voter at the polling place entrance or curb on the voter’s request. This process is commonly referred to as “curbside voting.” Tex. Elec. Code § 64.009. When individuals vote curbside, their car becomes their voting station. Curbside voters must be afforded the opportunity to vote their ballot privately (in the same way as a voter in the voting booth) and thus are entitled to vote without the interference of campaigns or bystanders. Per Section 32.075 of the Election Code, the presiding judge has the authority to preserve order and prevent breaches of peace if there are individuals harassing voters while they vote curbside.

County Chairs in Polling Places

The Election Code provides that a county chair may be in a polling place during the primary or primary runoff election. Tex. Elec. Code § 172.1113. Note that the provision does not provide that a county chair may be in the polling place during other elections. However, a county chair may enter the polling place for other authorized reasons (e.g., as a voter, assistant, poll watcher).

Cell Phones and Other Wireless Communication Devices

Persons are not allowed to use wireless communications devices within 100 feet of the voting stations. Additionally, persons are not allowed to use mechanical or electronic devices to record sound or images within 100 feet of the voting stations. Tex. Elec. Code §§ 61.014, 81.002.

What devices should not be used in the polling place?

Cell phones
Cameras
Tablet computers
Laptop computers
Sound recorders
Smart watches capable of messaging or recording sound or images
Drones
Any other device that may communicate wirelessly, or be used to record sound or images.

Who does this prohibition apply to at the polling place?

It applies to all voters within 100 feet of the voting stations.
What about voters with disabilities?

In recent years, advances in technology have enabled cell phones, tablets, and other wireless communications devices to assist voters with disabilities. As an example, a voter may use a program/application on a cell phone to translate verbal communication into sign language, allowing the voter to understand communication by an election official. While this situation is not expressly addressed in the Election Code, an election judge or early voting clerk may use their authority to allow a voter to utilize these programs/applications at their discretion. If you have any questions, please contact our office.
May poll watchers use these devices?

No. A poll watcher may not be accepted for service if the poll watcher has possession of a device capable of recording images or sound unless the poll watcher agrees to disable or deactivate the device. The early voting clerk or presiding judge, as appropriate, may inquire whether a poll watcher has possession of any prohibited recording devices before accepting the poll watcher for service. The poll watcher must sign an oath stating he or she does not have in his or her possession devices capable of recording images or sound, or that he or she will disable or deactivate the devices while serving as a watcher. Tex. Elec. Code §§ 33.006, et. seq.
May election officials use these devices?

Yes, if they are using the device to conduct official duties.
May a police officer use their bodycam while at the polling location?

We recommend turning off police bodycams within 100 feet of a voting station regardless of whether the officer is on or off duty, pursuant to Section 61.014 of the Election Code. Turning off these devices within the 100-foot zone surrounding the polling place helps to maintain voter privacy while voters are voting at the polling place and are standing in line to be accepted for voting.
What if the polling location is also a business location, where a person may need to use a wireless communication device for employment-related matters?

This is permissible if the person is acting in the course of the person’s employment.
What if a person enters the 100-foot area while using a wireless communications device or appears to be recording sound/image?

The early voting clerk and the presiding judge have the authority to require persons to deactivate any such devices and further authority to require persons who do not comply to leave the early voting or election day polling place, as appropriate.

Questions or clarification should be directed to the early voting clerk or the presiding judge in your polling place, as appropriate.
How should voters be notified of this law?

A notice may be posted at the polling place by the early voting clerk or presiding judge. The notice should be posted where it can be read by persons waiting to vote. Our office has prescribed the wording of such a posted notice (PDF).

If other wording is used, it will need to be approved by our office prior to use.

Security Cameras in the Polling Place

Security cameras are essentially recording devices. If a building is being used as a polling place and has security cameras installed, our advice is to have the cameras turned off during the hours that voting is being conducted if it is possible to do so. If it is not possible, then making sure the cameras do not cover or film the voting areas is essential. We do not believe that turning the voting equipment away from the camera is sufficient. We think that the camera should not view the voting equipment at all.

In addition, recording of sound is a separate but equally serious problem. If it is possible to turn off that feature during the hours of voting, that will be necessary. If not, then our advice is to find another polling location, if possible.

Section 127.1232(b) of the Code requires the general custodian of election records in a county with a population over 100,000 to establish a video recording system that captures all areas containing voted ballots from the time that the ballots are delivered to the central counting station (CCS), early voting ballot board (EVBB), or signature verification committee (SVC) until the local canvass of election results. If the voted ballots will be located in a building that will also be used as a polling place, the cameras must be positioned in such a way that they do not capture any activity in the portion of that building that is used as a polling place.

Exit Polling

The policy of our office is to permit non-disruptive exit polling within the 100-foot boundaries surrounding each early voting and election day polling place. We note that the early voting clerk or presiding judge at each polling place, as appropriate, must determine that such exit polling does not constitute either (1) “loitering” in violation of Section 61.003(a) of the Code or
(2) a disruption of order or a contribution to a breach of the peace at the early voting or election day polling place in violation of Section 32.075(a) of the Code, as applicable to early voting under Section 81.002 of the Code. Tex. Elec. Code §§ 61.003(a), 32.075, 81.002.

Written Materials

Voters are allowed to bring written materials into voting stations to assist them in casting their ballot. However, it is important to remember that the prohibition on electioneering within 100- feet of the polling place does apply to written materials. Election judges and early voting clerks may use their discretion in determining if a voter is electioneering for or against any candidate, measure or political party through the use of written materials.

Petition Signature Gathering

Please be advised that any persons who wish to gather petition signatures must do so beyond the 100-foot distance markers. Petition signatures for any type of election may not be collected inside the early voting or election day polling place or within the 100-foot distance marker. Petition gathering is considered electioneering for or against a measure, which is prohibited within the 100-foot distance marker. Tex. Elec. Code §§ 61.003, 85.036.

Use of Restrooms in Polling Locations

A polling location that is located in a public building and has restrooms open to the public, such as a courthouse, cannot restrict use of its restroom facilities in that building to voters only. If the building has restrooms open to the public, the public should be allowed to use them regardless of whether or not they intend to vote. However, the presiding judge, in their discretion, may have someone removed from the premises if it is determined that the individual is loitering in violation of Section 61.003 of the Code. Polling locations that are public buildings but that do not have a restroom open to the public, such as a school, may restrict access to the restrooms on the premises to the general public.

Polling Location Check-Ins

Certain polling locations, such as schools or courthouses, may have additional check-in procedures, including requiring individuals to sign-in or show a form of identification before they are allowed on the premises. Please be advised that polling locations cannot require voters to go through any additional check-in procedures that would interfere with or impede the voter’s ability to vote. A polling location that requires check-in procedures cannot enforce their check-in policy while voting is taking place on the premises. However, if a building which is being used as a polling place has metal detectors installed, voters may be instructed to pass through the metal detectors in order to enter the building, as passing through a metal detector is not considered an additional check-in procedure.

Individuals Permitted in a Polling Place

Texas Election Code Section 61.001(a-1) provides a list of individuals who are permitted to be present in a polling place:

an election judge or clerk;
a watcher;
the secretary of state;
a staff member of the Elections Division of the Office of the Secretary of State performing an official duty in accordance with this code;
an election official, a sheriff, or a staff member of an election official or sheriff delivering election supplies;
a state inspector;
a person admitted to vote;
a child under 18 years of age who is accompanying a parent who has been admitted to vote;
a person providing assistance to a voter under Sections 61.032 or 64.032;
a person accompanying a voter who has a disability;
a special peace officer appointed by the presiding judge under Section 32.075;
the county chair of a political party conducting a primary election, as authorized by Section 172.1113;
a voting system technician, as authorized by Section 125.010;
the county election officer, as defined by Section 31.091, as necessary to perform tasks related to the administration of the election; or
a person whose presence has been authorized by the presiding judge in accordance with the Election Code.

We hope you find this information helpful. Please contact us at 1-800-252-VOTE (8683) if you have any questions.

CA:RJ